However, the magnetic effects are not the same everywhere. Sometimes they strengthen the normal daily magnetic field variation, but other times they can act in the opposite direction. The reasons for this remain unclear.

Our study uses satellite and global ground-based observations to investigate the effects of the largest solar flares. We examine why these magnetic disturbances vary so much depending on the location and local time on the Earth. We focus on their timing, direction, and strength to understand the physical processes involved. By comparing our findings with physical models, we aim to build a more complete picture of how solar flares impact our planet, which is critical for improving space weather forecasts and protecting our technology.