In earlier global simulations, we tested how changes to a planet’s rotation, atmospheric composition, and land layout affect the likelihood of cyclone formation. As we adjusted an Earth-like planet to resemble Titan, we found that slower rotation and large dry regions made cyclones less likely, while the presence of more volatile gases (i.e., methane) made cyclones more likely by increasing humidity and temperature.

Titan shares many features that support cyclone formation—thick atmosphere, humid air, rotating winds, and large polar methane seas—but no tropical cyclones have ever been observed there. Our combined modeling efforts help explain why: even when key ingredients are present, Titan’s unique planetary conditions may suppress the formation of storms like those on Earth.