The 2023 Israel–Hamas War has severely affected Gaza’s people, economy, and environment—especially its agriculture. While damage to cities and farmland is widely reported, detailed assessments of agricultural impacts are lacking. This study uses satellite imagery to measure damage to Gaza’s key crops: tree crops (like olives) and greenhouses.

We first created a pre-war map using high-resolution satellite images and computer models to identify tree crops and greenhouses. We then tracked damage using satellite image time series and classification methods. By September 27, 2024, nearly one year into the war, 64–70% of tree crop fields and 58% of greenhouses had been damaged. Gaza City and North Gaza were hardest hit, with 90% and 73% of tree crop fields damaged, and all greenhouses destroyed by the end of 2023.

Our results align with UN reports but offer more detailed and timely information. These findings highlight the widespread destruction of Gaza’s agriculture and the urgent need for targeted humanitarian aid and long-term recovery planning. Accurate, up-to-date damage assessments are essential for rebuilding food systems and supporting affected communities.