This research examines how small structures in the northern lights (aurora borealis) - such as folds, curls, and swirls - are linked to physical processes that power them. We use data from the NASA sounding rocket mission, called GREECE, which flew through the upper atmosphere (ionosphere) during an aurora display. Simultaneously, videos of the aurora were recorded by cameras in Venetie, AK. By comparing successive video frames, we can determine the speed and direction of the aurora. This motion reflects how particles move in space, where the aurora is generated. We combine these measurements with data from GREECE, namely electric and magnetic fields, to infer the physical processes behind the aurora. We focus on a wave in a plasma called an Alfvén wave that accelerates particles, similar to surfers surfing on ocean waves. We measure properties of these waves to determine the atmospheric conditions GREECE flew through, such as how dense the air is or how well it conducts electricity. This research will clarify the upper atmosphere’s role in shaping the aurora and links small scale structures to the physical processes that drive the aurora.