This study used satellite data from 2014–2023 to investigate how seasonal changes shape upper-ocean conditions and productivity in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The mixed layer depth (MLD) varies from ~12 m in spring to ~24 m in summer and winter, with stronger winds deepening the MLD, except in the northern BoB where freshwater-driven stratification suppresses mixing. Offshore chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) remains persistently low, while coastal Chl-a is boosted by wind stress curl, river runoff, and mesoscale features like eddies and Rossby waves. The results emphasize the dominant role of stratification, circulation, and wind forcing in controlling the BoB’s ocean dynamics and productivity.