Transportation systems—such as roads, bridges, and railways—are increasingly at risk from climate impacts and cyber threats. This study reviews 33 studies published between 2010 and 2025 to develop a new framework showing how immersive technologies like Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Digital Twins (DTs) can help emergency planners and engineers make smarter decisions. By combining data from sensors, maps, and building models with AI-powered simulations, and visualizing results through AR and VR tools, the framework supports better planning and training across all stages of disaster management—from preventing risks to responding to emergencies. Challenges such as integrating diverse data and ensuring technology is user-friendly need to be addressed. This framework aims to guide future development of resilient and data-rich transportation infrastructure planning.