This study looks at how energy is balanced in different farming areas in Pakistan. We used four special towers that measure energy and other factors for the past 16 months. These towers are in different regions: Chakwal (rainfed), Okara and Faisalabad (rice-wheat), and Rahim Yar Khan (arid). Each area has its own unique farming and irrigation systems. We measured how much energy is used and produced in these areas over different times of the day and year. We found that the energy balance ranged from 81% to 93%, depending on local conditions like soil moisture and plant growth.

Chakwal had the lowest energy balance, especially during dry months. Rahim Yar Khan had the highest balance due to consistent irrigation and uniform field management. The rice-wheat areas had intermediate values, with the highest balance during the flooded paddy phases. Our findings help improve the accuracy of satellite-based models and support the development of better energy balance models for arid regions like Pakistan. This study provides important baseline data for understanding energy use in South Asian farming systems